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Reinhard Clever, Ph.D.

Integrated Timed Transfer - A European Perspective

Transportation Research Record, 1571, 109-115 (1997)

As mentioned at the beginning of the paper, there is no generally agreed upon English term for Integraler Taktfahrplan, at least not yet.  Other terms in common use today, besides Integrated Timed Transfer, are Multimodal Pulsed-Hub Network, or Regional Multimodal Pulsed-Hub Network, or Multimodal Pulsed-Hub Public Transportation Network, or Intercity Rail Fixed-Interval, Timed-Transfer, Multihub System.

Abstract

Integrated Timed Transfer (ITT) systems are starting up in Switzerland, Austria, and in many regions of Germany.  They distinguish themselves from regular timed transfer (TT) systems, where vehicles arrive at and depart from a station at approximately the same time to minimize waiting times for passengers, by encompassing not only a single city or urban area, but by integrating the timed transfer systems of individual metropolitan areas into one complete public transportation system for a region. 

Very little has been written about ITT in the English language literature, and the purpose of this paper is to close the information gap. 

The advantages and disadvantages of an integrated timed transfer system are illustrated by discussing a concrete example. Technical and economic aspects of ITT are discussed.  Terms like symmetry time and optimal minimum headway are defined.  Early results of ITT systems in Europe are reported.  The applicability of ITT to North America is demonstrated with the example of the San Jose - Oakland - Sacramento corridor.  The public transportation system in this area is presently disjointed and the introduction of ITT would increase the usability of public transit considerably. 

References

  1. Münchschwander, Peter, Eberhard Jänsch, and Reinhold Rump.  Schienenschnellverkehr, Band 4, Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr international.  (High Speed Rail, Part 4, High Speed Rail International - in German). R.v. Decker’s Verlag, G. Schenck, Heidelberg, 1990, p. 44.
  2. Bahn 2000 builds on Taktfahrplan.  Railway Gazette International, Vol. 142, No. 4, April 1986,
    pp. 245 - 246.
  3. Schulz, Andreas.  Der Allgäu-Schwaben-Takt - Ein erster Schritt zur umfassenden Rationalisierung und Modernisierung des Regionalverkehrs.  (ITT in the Allgäu-Schwaben region - A First Step towards Rationalization and Modernization of Regional Transportation - in German) Die Deutsche Bahn, Vol. 69, Nr. 5, May 1993, pp. 363 - 370.
  4. Exorcising the Original Sin.  Railway Gazette International, Vol. 142, No. 4, April 1986, p. 243.
  5. Towards a European Taktfahrplan.  Railway Gazette International, Vol. 142, No. 4, April 1986,
    pp. 254 - 255.
  6. Clever, Reinhard.  Schnelligkeit oder Häufigkeit: Überlegungen zur Einführung des Integralen Taktfahrplans im Fernverkehr der Eisenbahn. (Speed or Frequency: Thoughts on the Introduction of Integrated Timed Transfer in Long Distance Traffic of German Rail - in German)  Zeitschrift für Verkehrswissenschaft, Vol. 67 (1992), No. 2, pp. 138 - 182.
  7. Baum, Herbert and Frank Weingarten.  Kooperation zwischen Schienen- und Luftverkehr in Deutschland.  (Cooperation between Air and Rail in Germany - in German).  Report for the German Transportation Forum.  Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of Cologne, December 1992.
  8. Reinhold, Tom.  Park & Rail: Neue Kundenpotentiale für die Bahn durch ein verbessertes Parkangebot an Fernbahnhöfen? (Park & Rail: New Customers for German Rail due to Better Parking at Long Distance Rail Stations? - in German).  Internationales Verkehrswesen, Vol. 47, No. 11, November 1995, pp. 698 - 704.
  9. Kolz, Heinz and Jürgen Walter.  Der Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt: Marketing für einen neuen Markenartikel im SPNV.  (ITT in Rheinland-Pfalz: Marketing for a New Brand Name Product in Local Rail Service - in German) Internationales Verkehrswesen, Vol. 48, No. 5, May 1996,  pp. 25-30.
  10. Kritik an der Einführung des Integralen Taktfahrplans.  (Introduction of ITT Criticized - in German). Internationales Verkehrswesen, Vol. 47, No. 1 and 2, January / February 1995,  p. 7.
  11. Vuchic, Vukan R.  Timed Transfer System Planning, Design and Operation. Report UMTA-PA-11-0021-82-2, UMTA, U.S. Department of Transportation, October 1981, p.36.
  12. Bakker, J.J., J. Calkin and S. Sylvester.  A Multi-Centered Timed Transfer System for Capital Metro, Austin, Texas. In Transportation Research Record 654, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1988, p. 5.
  13. Schneider, J.B., Ray Deardorf, Chris Deffebach, Jack Latteman, Edward McCormack and Chris Wellander.  Planning, Designing and Operating Multi-Centered Timed Transfer Transit Systems: Guidelines from Recent Experience in Six Cities.  Report UMTA-WA-11-0009.  UMTA, U.S. Department of Transportation, September 1983, p. 72.
  14. Göbertshahn, Rudolph.  Der Integrale Taktfahrplan  - Vernetzung der Verkehrsträger im Personenverkehr als Fundament der Nahverkehrsstrategie der Bahn.  (ITT - Integration of Public Transportation Agencies as Foundation for the Urban and Regional Transportation Strategy of German Rail - in German).  Die Deutsche Bahn, Vol. 69, Nr. 5, May 1993, pp. 357 - 362, especially p. 358.
  15. Maxwell, Ross R.  Intercity Timed-Transfer System Strategy: The Swiss Experience.  PB Network (Parsons Brinckerhoff), Summer 1995, pp. 27 - 28.
  16. Vilmart, Christian and Jean-François Paix.  Les effects des ruptures de charge sur la concurrence entre l’avion et le train.  (The Effect of Transfers on the Competitiveness of Rail versus Air - in French).  Revue générale des chemins de fer, October 1994, pp.17 - 21.
  17. Krista, Matthias and Christine Oltrogge.  Linienplanung Fernverkehr DB 2000 Abschlußbericht.  (Long Distance Route Planning for German Rail in the Year 2000 - Final Report - in German). Ingenieurgesell-schaft für Verkehrsplanung und Verkehrssicherheit, Braunschweig, undated, p.19.
  18. Speck, Georg. Der Integrale Taktfahrplan - Ist mehr Nahverkehr für weniger Geld möglich?  (ITT - Is It Possible to Get more Local Service for less Money ? - in German).  Der Nahverkehr, Nr. 9/96, pp. 33 - 38.
  19. Der Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt - das Modellprojekt für den öffentlichen Verkehr.  (ITT in Rheinland Pfalz - a Model for Public Transportation - in German).  Die Liberale Depesche, Nr. 3/97, p. 6.
  20. Speck, Georg.  Der Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt - Landesweit mehr Mobilität im ÖPNV. (ITT in Rheinland Pfalz - Statewide Increase in Mobility in Public Transportation - in German).  Baukultur, Nr. 5/96, pp. 24 -27, especially p. 26.
  21. Melendy, Laura and Elizabeth Deakin.  Transportation Infrastructure in the Bay area: An Agenda.  Institute of Urban and Regional Development Working Paper 667, University of California at Berkeley, April 1996, p. 4.
  22. Homburger, Wolfgang S. and Vukan R. Vuchic.  Federation of Transit Agencies as a Solution for Service Integration.  Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, No. 162, University of California at Berkeley, 1970.
  23. Homburger, Wolfgang S.  Transit System Reorganization in the San Francisco Bay Area.  Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Report UCB-ITS-RR-90-06, University of California at Berkeley, June 1990, p.46.
  24. Senate Bill 1474, California Statutes of 1996, Chapter 256.
  25. National Transportation Statistics 1995.  Report DOT-VNTSC-BTS-94-3, BTS, U.S. Department of Transportation,  p. 6.

Extras

The pdf full text versions of the following two papers by Ross R. Maxwell are available from this website: